The Tobin Tax: Will they, Won’t they?

Yesterday, the European Parliament (EP) voted to pass the Tobin Tax, otherwise known as the Robin Hood Tax. The tax proposal represents a 0.05% levy on all financial transaction passing through the EU and it is estimated that it will raise €200bn annually. Whilst the EP may have backed the proposals, the measure will not come into force until it is passed by national legislatures. Herein lies the main obstacle...

Is it a good idea? Well in theory it’s certainly a nice idea. Banks would barely notice the impact of the levy and it would reduce exchange rate volatility caused by short-termism, but the fund could also be used to ease global poverty and the effects of climate change. 

However, although the tax is appealing the pitfalls are glaring. The tax is likely to have the damaging effect of reducing liquidity in the FX markets as speculative investors would turn elsewhere. The EU wants to press ahead with EU-wide coordination of the levy if a worldwide tax proves too difficult to attain (as surely it will). However, in light of this the tax would simply be unenforceable as EU financial centres would be a far less attractive place for banks to do business. Inevitably major institutions would relocate en-masse to more tax-friendly centres, taking with them a vital source of income for the EU. 

Nonetheless, France and Germany are right behind the tax, and accuse the UK of “dragging its feet” on the issue. London is the global financial centre of the world and Britain’s economy is heavily reliant on the financial services industry. Banks relocating is a heated enough debate as it is so can we blame George Osborne & Co for balking at the prospect of adding yet another tax?  

It seems highly likely that, despite the renewed energy the EU is putting behind it, the Tobin Tax will not gain the widespread approval that such a measure requires. Whilst so-called “banker bashing” is an excellent way for political leaders to bolster their own popularity, the Tobin Tax reeks of over-ambition and impracticality. And as for “banker bashing,” don’t be fooled by the label of “Robin Hood Tax,” the burden that the tax will impose on the banks will, as ever, simply be passed on to the consumer, so be careful what you wish for…

Richard Driver

Analyst – Caxton FX

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Will the eurozone debt crisis flare up once more via Portugal? And what will it mean for the euro?

Eurozone leaders are meeting this weekend in a prelude to the main EU summit in a fortnight’s time, where they will attempt to work towards an expanded bailout fund to deal with the region’s debt problems. As ever, the market expects little progress.

Addressing the key issue, it’s less a question of whether Portugal will need to accept a bailout and more of a question of when. The likelihood is that this will be sooner rather than later as the longer Portugal delays the inevitable, the more expensive it will become. The ailing country’s 10-year bond yields reached euro-era highs yesterday at 7.55%, which is simply not sustainable. Portugal opposes turning to the EU and IMF for help, but similar bond yield trends triggered bailouts for Greece and Ireland last year, and if Portugal sticks to its stubborn line then monetary assistance may be forced upon it by April.

As if things weren’t bad enough for poor old Portugal, Trichet has recently indicated that the ECB will raise interest rates to fight inflation (as discussed in the last blog), which will only increase borrowing costs for a country that remains in recession. So, what choice does Portugal have?

Interestingly, the market has moved the spotlight back onto Greece this week, in light of Greece’s recent credit downgrade. However, the markets are fickle and the Portuguese problem will be back in the headlines before long.

The impact that a Portuguese bailout or a Greek default will have on the euro is not as clear as might be imagined. A trend appears to have emerged of fading market sensitivity to eurozone debt crises over the past year; Greece shocked investors, Ireland less so, and more recently the euro has strengthened across the board despite these imminent periphery issues. On the other hand, investors may lose patience with the eurozone’s inability to find a long-term solution. Clearly a firm agreement on the bailout fund at the end of this month would do much to set investors minds at ease.

For the time being, the single currency seems set to continue to benefit from its new “front-of-the-queue” status with regard to raising interest rates. However, once this arrives (consensus is that this will be in April), focus will then shift to the effect that this rate rise could have on countries like Portugal, and their impending funding issues. Accordingly, a long-term euro uptrend is far less secure than its monthly outlook and sterling could yet revisit the winning ways it enjoyed early this year, especially following its own rate hike (potentially May/June), which is bound to entice investors.

 
Richard Driver
 
Analyst – Caxton FX


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Inflation response: ECB vs MPC

With the eurozone’s headline inflation running at 2.4% (y/y), the surprisingly hawkish comments from ECB President Trichet shocked the market by indicating that the ECB is likely to raise interest rates by 0.25% (from 1%) in April. UK inflation sits at 4.0% and will in all likelihood have increased beyond this point when the latest figure is released next week. However, in contrast to the ECB the BoE remains reluctant to raise interest rates, with the market pricing in a move by May at the very earliest. Both central banks have an inflation target of 2.0%, so what can explain this divergent approach?

Well, as the 0.6% GDP contraction in the final quarter of 2010 showed, the UK’s recovery is by no means guaranteed, with the dangers of stagflation and a double dip recession never far from focus. UK unemployment remains very high (nearly 8%) and the effects of the UK government’s austerity measures are yet to be truly felt by already tight household budgets. An interest rate hike is only likely to exacerbate these issues and the dovish majority within the MPC take the view that temporary factors are responsible for high UK inflation (such as VAT, oil prices and past sterling weakness). These factors are expected to fade over the longer to leave inflation on target. In truth, the UK’s recovery is on somewhat shakier ground than the eurozone’s (when taken as a whole) but the BoE risks losing credibility on tackling inflation.

The ECB’s more hawkish response is due to a stricter commitment to price stability, rather than the MPC’s approach of balancing this remit with stimulating economic growth. This can perhaps be put down to a more optimistic outlook from the ECB on eurozone and indeed global economic growth.

However, whether or not the ECB’s impending rate rise is prudent, remains to be seen. The move is not without its serious risks to ongoing eurozone periphery debt levels and bond yields - unemployment rates and budget deficits in states like Greece and Portugal vastly overshadow the UK’s. Much faith is being placed on German economic growth to drag the periphery out of recession but the rate rise could yet prove to be self-harming for the eurozone.

And finally, what implications does the ECB’s April rate rise have on the likelihood of a similarly early move from the BoE? That the ECB is convinced of the need to tighten monetary policy may persuade some of the more dovish MPC members to join Sentance’s growing hawkish faction (currently out-numbered by 6:3). However, the eurozone is the UK’s biggest export partner, and if an ECB rate hike slows demand for UK products then this could take much of the heat out of the British economy, which in itself could ease inflationary pressures

Fundamentally, the deciding factor for the MPC is likely to be the UK’s GDP performance in the first quarter of 2011 and if it does bounce back strongly, the MPC will find it difficult to resist tightening policy.

Richard Driver

Analyst – Caxton FX


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Sterling heading lower following ECB fireworks

So, a comparatively quiet non-farm payroll Friday draws a hectic week to a close, lending us the opportunity to take stock of a major shift in market sentiment and to look ahead to next week’s activity. Thursday’s disappointing UK services sector figures were overshadowed by events in Europe. In response to eurozone inflationary pressures, ECB President Trichet’s groundbreaking remarks on the likelihood of a rate hike within the next month placed the euro firmly on the front foot against all its counterparts.


With the ECB now well ahead of the BoE in terms of rate hike expectations, sterling looks set to weaken to levels potentially as low as 1.1360 against the euro in the coming weeks and months, though it should remain stable against a broadly weaker US dollar. With the single currency reaching a one-month high against sterling today, investors have clearly (and understandably) responded very positively to Trichet’s hawkish tones. However, perhaps greater caution would be sensible as a rate hike could yet prove highly damaging for the eurozone’s periphery members, where bond yields and unemployment remain harmfully high and growth remains elusive. The prospect for higher rates offers investors a greater return and has lifted euro demand, but, if they cause deepening debt crises in the PIIGS, the prospects for the European economic recovery, and therefore the euro, will suffer considerably.

Taking a longer term view, the market at this stage is only pricing in a single rate hike from the ECB this year (April) in order to bring eurozone inflation back to target (2.0%), however, markets are pricing in up to three UK rate rises this year, which could give sterling the edge in later months.

After this week’s excitement, we are likely to see something of a lull next week with few major data releases or announcements due. Following the heightened volatility that has epitomised the past few sessions, it will be interesting to see whether a broader trend of euro strength is consolidated. The market’s sole focus will on Thursday’s Bank of England rate statement, where investors will watch for any clues of an unlikely replication of the ECB’s hawkish response to inflation. Whilst UK inflation is at a far more alarming level than that of the eurozone (4.0% vs 2.4%), the majority of the MPC voters seem determined to maintain their ‘wait-and-see’ approach with regard to the effects of austerity measures on the UK’s stubbornly fragile recovery. No change to the 0.5% UK interest rate is therefore widely expected. That said, no one was seriously entertaining the idea that a rate rise from the ECB would be brought forward by five months this week!

In the US, today’s Non-Farm employment results for February met positive expectations and further evidenced the promising signs of economic recovery that we’re seeing on the other side of the Atlantic. Nonetheless, a radical improvement, which remains highly unlikely, will be necessary before the Federal Reserve decides to change course from its strong commitment to keep rates at record lows. It is this factor which limits sterling’s downside risks against the dollar and provides hope of a long-term continuation of this year’s gradual GBP/USD strengthening.

Richard Driver

Analyst – Caxton FX


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Trichet slams inflation, bolstering euro

“An increase of interest rates in the next meeting is possible.” So spoke Jean-Claude Trichet at the ECB’s press conference earlier today. This, and similarly hawkish comments throughout the conference, have brought forward market expectations for an ECB rate rise by five months! The market now expects to see the ECB move the base rate from 1.00% to 1.25% at their meeting in on April 7^th.

As detailed in my previous blog-post there were rumours that Trichet would be overtly hawkish in calling for the inflationary pressures to be quashed. He did not disappoint. Indeed he went above and beyond expectations stating that “strong vigilance” is required.

The upshot of all this? The euro has had a storming day! Against all 16 of its major counterparts the single currency has climbed, hitting a fresh four month high versus the US dollar at $1.3974, breaking strong resistance at $1.3950. It has also put the sterling price back to 1.1650.

The reasoning behind this sharpened rhetoric from Trichet comes from higher inflation, stemming from rocketing oil prices (and other commodities), which have pushed inflation levels above the ECB’s 2% target.

Adding to sterling’s woes, the pound stumbled following a disappointing reading of activity in the UK services sector, undoing the improved sentiment seen earlier in the week off the back of positive manufacturing and construction data.

The services PMI index fell to 52.6, down from an 8-month high of 54.5, underperforming market expectation.

Although the figure doesn’t exactly signal Armageddon (all key industries are still in expansionist territory), weak fundamentals and jitters about the stability of the economy will leave the pound vulnerable to investors paring back their expectations for an interest rate hike.

So what does this all mean going forward? I fear that we have may seen a game changing statement today. Sterling’s prospects against the euro do not look nearly as healthy as they did yesterday. We still feel that further upside against the US dollar is due, though this move will likely be one of dollar weakness. Downside risks for sterling/euro have swung into view…

Ewdard Knox

Analyst - Caxton FX

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Pound punches high with recovery looking promising

The pound’s run of good form against the greenback continued today, with the price being dragged up through $1.63 as comments from the BoE governor Mervyn King yesterday did little to dampen the markets view on interest rate speculation.

Sterling came within a whisker of a 13-month high today as King exhaustedly claimed that “raising interest rates to make a gesture is self-defeating.” This followed a rather more assertive Conservative MP who lambasted the senior MPC members for wildly underestimating inflation.

Charles Bean, the deputy governor of the MPC showed signs of leaning towards the hawkish camp by echoing this sentiment in a written statement to the Treasury select committee, exclaiming his concern that this elevated inflation may well persist longer than he anticipated. This contrasts with comments from Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke who claimed that soaring oil prices pose only a “temporary threat” to inflation, which indicated to the market that the Fed will persist with its ultra-loose, accommodative monetary policy for the foreseeable future. Under this outlook, the pound’s rally could yet go further!

The threat of inflation entrenching itself in the UK do appear very real, and hence we’re seeing the market price in a near-term rate rise. But are the arguments about the fragility of the economy still stacking up?

Recent figures suggest that the UK economy has rebounded strongly in the first quarter of 2011, offsetting Q4s disappointment. Positive data from the construction industry, released earlier today, followed equally upbeat manufacturing data earlier in the week. These two sectors combined account for around 20% of our GDP. If data from the services sector tomorrow completes the picture, the UK economic recovery will certainly look to be gathering some momentum.

As far as “cable” (GBP/USD) goes then, we could well be seeing these dizzying heights sustained, with the next tough resistance level seen at 1.6450. However, against the equally well-performing single currency the story may be slightly different. The market is expecting some hawkish comments on inflationary pressures from ECB president Trichet in the ECB press conference tomorrow. Such comments look set to keep the €1.20 level out of the picture for the time being. 

Ewdard Knox

Analyst - Caxton FX

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As sterling recovers, US dollar weakness to persist

Sterling suffered a disappointing end to the week after Britain’s 4^th quarter economic growth was revised down from -0.5 to -0.6%, seemingly ruling out the possibility of a near term rate rise. However, the markets seem to recognise that the end of Q4 represented a highly unusual environment at the mercy of terrible weather conditions and in trading today the pound has bounced off its lows.

The market will now focus on the key UK data releases this week in the form of construction, services and manufacturing monthly PMI figures. If January’s rebound is replicated in February, a sterling/euro uptrend seems probable. However, ongoing concerns over the UK housing market and fears that the government’s austerity measures could stifle the recovery are likely to keep the pound pegged below €1.20.

Just as UK fundamentals are looking fragile, so too is the case in the eurozone. This is particularly the case given Fine Gael’s victory in the Irish general election, as the party may now look to renegotiate the Irish bailout terms. Nonetheless, ongoing interest rate speculation has focused on the ECB of late, following increasingly hawkish tones from certain policymakers. The prospect of an early ECB rate hike gained credibility today as eurozone CPI reached a 27-month high fuelled by soaring oil prices; a trend that shows no signs of relenting in the near-term. 

The net result is that we do see the pound gaining steadily against the euro in the short term, although another push for €1.20 still looks some way off. Against the US dollar however, both the pound and the euro could have further near term upside.

The dollar’s fall across the board looks set to continue as US Federal Reserve Chairman Bernanke is expected this week to maintain his dovish stance on US monetary policy, largely driven by stubbornly high unemployment. Investor attention will be fixed on US Non-Farm employment figures published Friday. Regardless of the reading we still feel that any talk of a rate rise from the Fed is hugely premature but a solid figure could raise questions about whether QEII will remain in place through the end of June (as originally intended). The usual amount of hype preceding the labour market figures will probably met with a traditionally apathetic response from the market.

At this stage it seems that there’s little that will deviate the market from its current sentiment toward the US dollar. We might reassess this thinking if socio-political tensions spread to Saudi Arabia....!

Duncan Higgins
Analyst - Caxton FX

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Pound down as GDP revision adds further woe

As suspected – revision of our GDP figure was less than positive (quite literally) as official data showed today that underlying growth was marginally weaker than previously thought in Q4, having been revised down to -0.6% from -0.5%.

The figure will add further credence to the 6 dovish leaning members of the MPC, who wanted to wait and see how the economy faired before jumping in to vote for an interest rate increase, but what will the implications of this be?

The market reaction saw the pound fall further across the board, reaching a month low versus the euro as traders took advantage of the figure and liquidated their long sterling positions. They now have to assess whether this dip in growth will change the prospects for the interest rate outlook.

It’s unlikely that a figure from last year will have too much bearing on rate expectations, particularly as Q1 2011 has gotten off to a solid start. Andrew Sentance et al I’m sure will merely shrug this figure off and put it down to snow-related disruptions. Traders have however pared back expectations for a 25 basis-point increase from May to June.

We now look forward to another busy week. Highlights include Britain’s PMI figures across the manufacturing, services and construction sectors due on consecutive days mid-week. After January’s positive results, (which lent a helping hand to the pound), we could well see further positive figures this month, buoying hopes that the economy will return to growth in the opening quarter of the year. We also have three central bank announcements on the calendar: the Reserve Bank of Australia , Bank of Canada and European Central Bank. However, no changes are expected.

The week’s headline comes right at the end in the form of US non-farm payrolls. Each month the hype in the market gets inflated as the release approaches, but more often than not price action is underwhelming. Nonetheless, US non-farms nearly always bring about an excitable market – no let up volatility approaching just yet.  

Any thoughts or comments are always welcome!

Edward Knox

Analyst - Caxton FX

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Uncertainty is certainly harming pound

Markets dislike uncertainty, and that is the only certainty in the markets right now – this seems to typify market action over the past few days, as we head towards the end of a topsy-turvy week.

Sterling has had a rather unimpressive day, falling sharply against its counterparts on the back of a broad rise in risk aversion. A spike in the price of oil as tensions mount in the oil rich Middle East and North Africa is driving investors to safe haven currencies with the Japanese yen and the Swiss franc the outperformers at present.

The pound has rallied since the start of 2011 on the back of higher inflation and heightened speculation that the BoE will raise rates sooner than most. However, it seems that after the release of yesterdays minutes investors may well be reassessing the state of the UK economy and asking themselves whether monetary tightening will threaten the UK economy’s fragile recovery.

Arch hawk Andrew Sentance is certainly of the opinion that raising interest rates is the way forward, as was detailed in my recent blog post.  The increased hawkishness in the MPC camp, led by Sentance, has been supportive for the pound in recent times, however he is due to leave the MPC in May. So what effect will this departure have on the BoE’s stance? Vicky Pryce, one of the candidates to succeed him, pointed out the risks of raising rates too soon in a column this week – this won’t sit too well with investors who have already priced in an imminent rate hike.

David Miles also added to sterling’s woes in the short term, announcing yesterday evening that the best way to control inflation would be to “raise interest rates gradually,” contradicting Sentance’s argument that there should be an immediate rise of 0.5% in the base rate.

Uncertainty over the prospects for the UK economy and the evident dilemma facing the Bank of England looks set to keep sterling choppy. We will now look forward to the GDP revision tomorrow morning (first estimate -0.5%) – something tells me that we will be in for a rather underwhelming figure. Even a small upward revision would still leave the economy in contractionary territory, and is unlikely to prove the catalyst for renewed sterling strength. 

Edward Knox

Analyst - Caxton FX

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Minutes revealed to muted reception

So, as the market had more or less anticipated, a third MPC member has jumped on the hawkish bandwagon. In the BoE minutes, released today, it was revealed that Spencer Dale was the latest member to recognise the threat of rising inflation, throwing his hat in the ring with arch hawk Andrew Sentance and Martin Weale in voting for an immediate interest rate rise.

Much of this had already been priced into the market as analysts deciphered clues from speeches given throughout the last few weeks; in particular Mervyn King’s acknowledgement last week that there was an unusually diverse array of opinions amongst the Committee.

Perhaps then the market was slightly underwhelmed when the results showed a 3-6 split, with sterling briefly enjoying a knee jerk boost before dropping back again against the euro. The pound did however enjoy a rally against the US dollar as the minutes firmed opinion that the Bank of England will raise rates sooner than the Federal Reserve on the back of inflationary pressures, which partially offset ongoing concerns about political tensions in the Middle East and North Africa.

The minutes also revealed that Sentance on this occasion stuck his neck out and ramped up his argument that inflation poses a far bigger risk than the bank is willing to recognise by voting for a 0.50% increase in the base rate as opposed to the more traditional 0.25%. The standard pre-release rumours had covered this eventuality so again there wasn’t too much made of his vote and it’s unlikely to prove any more of a compelling argument for those policymakers still sitting on the fence.

With the hype and drama of the minutes now passed the market’s focus will shift to Friday where the UK’s second estimate of fourth quarter GDP is due. At an initial estimate of -0.5%, most are hoping that there may be an upward revision. However, even if there is it is unlikely to be greater than a factor of 0.2%, leaving the figure in contractionary territory, much to the discomfort of sterling bulls who appear to be losing their preeminent position!

Edward Knox

Analyst - Caxton FX

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